Instructional Technology of Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Instructional Technology of Nursing - Essay Example They discuss the notes on a chat program. This creates a virtual classroom which necessitates more interaction between the students and the lecturers. Students normally attend classes while other s (distance learners) attends the online lessons. All the resources needed for each particular lecture is available in the black board.Since nursing and healthcare are living subjects, the learning resources keep on changing each and every day. Use of intranet-based instruction strategies help ease the art of syllabus revision. It also helps lecturers to serve a large number of students at a time without much effort. The theories used in treatment and prevention procedures are adapted to the learning systems in real time. Most educational institutions that offer nursing and healthcare courses are usually in conjunction with health institutions like hospitals and nursing homes. These institutions gradually undergo technological transformations as need and capacity increases. This in turn crea tes a need to include more updated studies to cover the changes. The changes are made simpler through the use of online libraries (databases) and lecture forums (web-conferencing).   These resources are easy to update, share (1 copy for thousands of students), demonstrate and serve the students.Management in nursing is quite practical and needs more involvement than just web-conferencing. Nurses studying management normally combine lectures (theory) with practice. his helps them to understand the way nursing centers operate.... All the resources needed for each particular lecture is available in the black board. Since nursing and healthcare are living subjects, the learning resources keep on changing each and every day. Use of intranet-based instruction strategies help ease the art of syllabus revision. It also helps lecturers to serve a large number of students at a time without much effort. The theories used in treatment and prevention procedures are adapted to the learning systems in real time. Most educational institutions that offer nursing and healthcare courses are usually in conjunction with health institutions like hospitals and nursing homes. These institutions gradually undergo technological transformations as need and capacity increases. This in turn creates a need to include more updated studies to cover the changes. The changes are made simpler through the use of online libraries (databases) and lecture forums (web-conferencing). These resources are easy to update, share (1 copy for thousands of students), demonstrate and serve the students. Management in nursing is quite practical and needs more involvement than just web-conferencing. Nurses studying management normally combine lectures (theory) with practice. They train to use information management systems in their respective universities. They use the systems to record, manage data, generate reports, analyze statistics, plan projects, schedule activities, assess clinical practice among other uses. This helps them to understand the way nursing centers operate and face the real world challenges in their career (Krautscheid L. & Burton D. 2003). Practice in nursing usually applies the real technologies used in health institutions. Students visit nursing centers and observe

Critical Perspectives of Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Critical Perspectives of Power - Essay Example The origins of power can be understood from medieval businesses where there were smaller organizations and fewer employees in each of them. Typically, an individual learnt a trade and plied his craft, selling his services to others and accumulating capital; in the course of his journey occasionally, he had opportunities to expand and launch his own enterprise. A mixture of hard work and serendipity sometimes enabled such journeymen to become masters. In effect, they became owners or owner-managers and employed people to work for their business enterprise. In essence, we find that an individual, in his early days as an apprentice bows to a power center, who for all practical purposes is his master or supervisor; later on there is an opportunity to be the authority or one who now wields power himself. We now trace different viewpoints as observed through the lens of three different theorists Weber (1978) had a clear construct of power. According to him, power flowed through a bureaucratic setup where people and processes were clearly defined. People were endowed with certain powers to approve or reject petitions and they exercised it as per the written code of conduct. Effectively, no one could flout the rigor and the organizational hierarchy to get work done. Power being legitimized through the form of organizational structures, there were no methods or actions that could challenge it. Perhaps, we can visualize it as a one-way street, where everything was clearly spelt out and there was no possibility of dialogue or dissent. Viewed from another angle, power was domination and any overt or covert resistance was construed as a form of insubordination and sanctions were imposed. Bachrach & Baratz (1963, 1970) had a different interpretation. We take this as the second dimension of power. They posited that power was associated with decisions and non-decisions. Power was cons trued as a process where the issues or problems were excluded from decision-making. Subordinates are not allowed to participate in the decision-making process through various stratagems adopted by people in higher positions of authority. The use of these channels has been described as non-decisions. In scenarios such as these, the powerful actors are able to determine outcomes from behind the scenes. A critical perspective would perhaps hint at this construction as a subtle, non-offensive use of power. Yet, it clearly denotes that there are invisible barriers. On one side, there are people who can take decisions; on the other side, there are subordinates or people who may be in conflict but forced to accept the decisions of the top management team. The third dimension was put forth by Lukes (1974) who argued that power could not be interpreted in the light of conflicts alone. He opined that power could be used to quell dissent and conflicting viewpoints by shaping the perceptions an d cognitions of people. This could be done in a subtle manner so that people accept

History Of Homelessness In America

History Of Homelessness In America Homelessness is a social problem that relates to the condition of people without a regular private house and shelter. People passing through social issue of homelessness are most often not capable to obtain and preserve standard, harmless, protected, and satisfactory accommodation, or lack fixed, regular, and adequate night-time residence. There is no standard definition of homelessness and it differs from region to region, or among different entities or institutions in the same country or region. The scope of homeless is vary vast and it also comprise people whose prime night-time dwelling is in a homeless shelter, a warming center, a domestic violence shelter, cardboard boxes or other informal housing situation. In USA people also are covered under homeless record and are included in research studies who sleep in a public or private place not intended for use as an expected sleeping place for human beings. From different researches its predicted that almost 100 million people acros s globe were homeless in 2005. In western regions and areas of world the large majority of homeless are men (75-80%) (Culhane and Associates, 2012). History of Homelessness in America: Homelessness is not a contemporary issue it is predicted that it is found in American society in the early ages of 1640. In early history the homelessness was related to moral issue and obligation and people who were homeless visit town to town to prove their worth but in recent era it is more related to a social problem. People who are homeless are facing severe issue is contemporary world related to health and social initiatives. Homelessness can be caused from several perspectives. From different researches it is depicted that the most common caused behind homelessness are industrialization, wars, natural disasters, racial inequalities, medical problems, character flaws, etc. industrial revolution started in 1820s. This gives rise to migrations of people from rural areas to urban areas that give rise to the main causes of homelessness because of job searches and earn living standard. Violent crimes also started because of this migration and sudden rise in population. The policies at that time also lead to devastating issues relating death and mental illness because of homelessness. The major rise was faced in 1850s when most parents send their young children to remain independent because of rise in cost of living, this give rise to adults homelessness. The civil wars also give rise to homelessness in 1890s most people were homeless because of several causes from the civil war destructions. Another most important cause relates back to natural disasters i.e. Earthquake, fires, and Droughts caused in 1920s and 30s. The causes give rise to poverty and thus people lack support to build their houses. The income level drops because of increased population and unemployment which also moved society towards increase rate of homeless people. The financial crisis recently gives rise to more destructive situation that leads towards enhanced homelessness problem. The contemporary homelessness can be seen in surrounding that many children, youth, and old age people are hom eless (Culhane, 2008). Causes of Homelessness: Different researches are done to find the main causes that lead to homelessness. The causes can be categorized into three areas that are personal, structural, and homeless peoples own causes. Personal Issues: There are several personal and social factors that lead to homelessness. The common factors are outlined below: Individual factors: like drug abuse, character flaws, lacking qualifications, debts, no social support, poor health regarding mental and physical conditions, peer relations of bad company. Family factors: disputes and family conflicts, physical and sexual abuse while adulthood and family background of homelessness. Institutional factors: living in foster care, as prisoner, and employed in armed forces. Structural Issues: There are several social and economic problems that cause this homelessness. Some common causes are outlined below: Unemployment Poverty Lack of affordability Policies relating housing Structure of housing benefits Wide policy development relating hospitality and criminal issues Homeless People Views: The three main reasons identified through reviewing opinions of homeless people about their reasons of leaving home are family and peers pressures to leave them, relationship disputes and violence at home, loss of temporary dwelling (Dr. Lynn et al., 2006). Problems faced by Homeless People: There are several risks that are associated with people who are passing through state of homelessness. The problems can be categorized as basic and devastating. The problems are outlined below: Lacking personal security, silence, and privacy, especially for sleeping Lacking safekeeping of bedding, clothing and possessions, which may have to be carried at all times Lacking facilities for hygiene No place for cleaning and drying clothes Lacking affordability to acquire, prepare, and store food No social contacts because of no permanent location or mailing address Antagonism and lawful authorities against metropolitan poverty. Compact admittance to health care and dental services. Little or no access to education. Increased jeopardy of affliction from violence and abuse. Common denial or intolerance from other people. Loss of accustomed relationships and association with the mainstream Lacking qualification for employment. Reduced access to banking services because of lacking collateral Reduced access to communications technology (Echenberg Jensen, 2009). Assistance and Resources for Homeless People: Many researches relating homelessness and homeless people have diverted the attention of government and other institutions to support and fund the needs of the homeless people. Many countries run the assistance programs for the homeless people and provide them with food, shelter, and clothing and sometimes most augmented services. Many non-government organizations also run support programs with help of funding from volunteers. Social support is provided by homeless people to other homeless people. They run their own community and support one another in different needs. Formal assistant is also provided through government, religious organizations, charities, other ministries. Many organizations are working to provide income support through employment opportunities like street newspapers selling. Other income sources are through employing little works like playing music, performing magic and other arts. Many homeless people commit little crimes to be jailed to have food and shelter for some days (Foweler et al., 2009). Refuges for Homeless: There are many refuges that are used by homeless people to be used as temporary place for shelter and sleep. Some common refuges are outlined below: Sleeping bags Tent Cardboard box Abandoned buildings Cars and trucks Wagons and other public vehicles Parks, pavement, and bus stations Train tunnels etc. Proposed Solutions for Homeless: Housing First / Rapid Re-housing: Many governments are taking steps to eliminate the homelessness. The USA government asked almost every state and city to enhance the standard of living of homeless people. the 10 years plans are planned and are in process to be implemented to eliminate the homelessness and one of the results of this was a Housing first solution, also known as rapid re-housing. These policies facilitate quickly to get a homeless person permanent housing of some sort and the necessary support services to maintain and hold a new home. There are many impediments of this kind of program and there must be solutions to augment these programs to make such an initiative work successfully in the middle to long term. Supportive housing: Supportive housing is a related to provide the basic necessities to the homeless people. It is the combination of housing and services proposed in a cost-effective way to facilitate and support needy people live more stable and productive lives. Supportive housing provides special programs for those who are in most challenging situations. The audiences for this program are individuals and families confronted with homelessness and who also have very low incomes. It also has increases coverage and scope and therefore incorporates substance abuse, addiction or alcoholism, mental illness, HIV/AIDS, or other serious challenges to a standard and productive life. Pedestrian Villages: Many researchers are proposed several solutions to enhance the lives of homeless people. The most common solution proposed is relating notorious national solution for homelessness that would engross building nearly carefree Pedestrian Villages. This policy and solution is termed as the current Band-Aid approach to the problem. Example of this policy is Tiger Bay Village that was proposed to create caring society for homeless people. This policy states that this program and support would be better-quality for indulgence the psychological as well as psychiatric needs of both temporarily and permanently homeless adults. This policy was based on the cost-effective solution thus aimed to provide opportunities and support and cost less than the current approach. This policy also enhanced the homeless people living by moving them away from criminal acts to take shelter in prisons. Work opportunities are also provided and constitute construction and maintenance of the villages. It also focus es on the creation of work force agencies that help to make the villages financially and socially feasible and practical. Transitional housing: Transitional Housing endows with impermanent housing for the certain audience of the homeless population. The target group constitutes of working class of homeless people who are on verge of setting up to changeover their residents into enduring and inexpensive housing. It is not a temporary shelter house for homeless but typically a room or apartment in a habitation with support services. The intermediary time can be short ranging from 1 to 2 years and in that time the person must file for and get permanent housing and usually some gainful employment or income, even if Social Security or assistance. From time to time the transitional housing habitation program incriminates a room and board fee that can be a standard percentage of an individuals income. This fee is sometimes partially or fully refunded after the person acquires a permanent place to live in. In the USA centralized financial support for transitional housing programs was originally allocated in the McKinney act (Cohelen , 1997). Conclusions: The above study is based on the research work of other authors. The report started with the introduction to the homelessness relative to its broad meanings and is then proceed to the history, causes and underlying factors. The solutions are also provided to help states and countries to make remediation for the enhanced livings of homeless people and move them to productive life. The problem of homelessness is traced back to late history and is not a contemporary issue. There are several factors and underlying causes of homelessness out of which family conflicts and disruptions are rated as high. The issues that are faced by homeless people vary in range from more basic lacking facilities to higher levels of physical and mental destructions and illness. Many organizations along with governments are working to provide facilities and support the homeless people. Many volunteers are also working to augment the lives of homeless people by proving them with food, shelter, and clothing along with health facilities. Many support programs are also planned to support and facilitate the homeless people. Some common programs processed are housing fund and re-housing, transition housing support, and pedestrian villages.

Literature Review :: essays research papers

Evaluation of a Mental Health Treatment Court with Assertive Community Treatment 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This article studied the effect of Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) versus Treatment as Usual (TAU) on the life satisfaction ratings, psychological distress, level of functioning, substance use issues, and criminal activity of mentally ill residents of the Santa Barbara County Jail. The study administered four instruments to measure these variables. They used the Behavioral and Symptom Identification scale, the Lehman Quality of Life Scale, the Addiction Severity Index and the Global Assessment of Functioning to measure the effects of treatment. They also viewed arrest records to obtain criminal activity information. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A true experimental design was used. Participants who met the criteria for the study where randomly assigned to a control group, which received Treatment as Usual and a treatment group that was provided Assertive Community Treatment. Assessments were given at the start of the program, in six-month intervals, and then at the end of the program. This indicates a time trial type of method, but a pre-test and post-test were conducted. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Repeat offenders in the county jail who had been diagnosed with mental illnesses where the population studied. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The study indicated that inmates who received ACT and TAU both showed improvement in all areas studied. They found however, that participants in the ACT group reported higher levels of success in reducing drug problems and gaining independent living skills. This would help me in my profession, as I may be able to work in a jail and help repeat offenders become more independent and have fewer drug problems by providing them with Assertive Community Treatment. Effectiveness of Brief Counseling in Reducing HIV Risk Behavior in Injecting Drug Users†¦ 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This article studied the effect of Brief Counseling on the risk behavior of injection drug users entering heroin detoxification treatment. Participants were recruited based on counselor availability, were given a pre-test, randomly assigned to receive either a 50-minute counseling or a packet of educational brochures. A post-test was then administered after three months to see if the individuals had participated in less HIV risk behavior. HIV risk behavior was measured using a questionnaire at pretest and again at subsequent follow-up interviews. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This study was a true experimental design and used the pre-test/post-test format. The subjects were randomly assigned to two groups, given a treatment, and then post-tested. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As mentioned above, the population studied was heroin users entering a detoxification clinic in San Francisco. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The study did not find significant differences between those assigned to counseling or those who received educational brochures in the reduction of risk behavior.

Dance Styles

Dancing and music in general has evolved through time. People who danced in style in the sixties would not fit in the generation of the new millennium. As years have passed by, it seems the style of dancing is getting to be bigger. It is inevitable that dance will change throughout our lives and so will its style. Some of the dance styles around today are tap, modern, swing, contra, country, belly dance and Latin dancing. Dancing has changed in relation to music, behavior and time passed.My three favorite dance styles are ballet, hip hop and jazz. Ballet is beauty; flow and elegance are inherent in the elements of ballet. Ballet is a classical dance form that can be mastered by it or used as a technical base or supplement to other dance forms. Classes focus on overall body alignment and awareness with emphasis on proper usage of feet and legs and execution of turnout. Carriage and usage of upper torso and arms are also stressed. Traditional barre work, center work and combination's a re included in all classes.Hip hop is a high-energy class that uses the latest sounds in rap, R;amp;B and pop music together with movements influenced by some of today’s hottest music video choreographers. Hip hop encompasses movement that has elements of popping, locking, and breaking as well as freestyle movement to give students the opportunity to develop their own sense of style. Hip hop is urban, it’s street, and it’s diverse and forever changing. Jazz is an exciting and ever evolving dance form full of rhythm, syncopation, passion and life.Steeped in the rhythm of jazz music, a true American art form, jazz dance brings energy and life to all those who dance it. Jazz explores body isolations of the head, shoulders, ribcage, feet and arms which encourage individual expression and the development of personal style. Jazz can be powerful and percussive or expressive and lyrical. Ever evolving, jazz dance is taught with the music of today together with the class ical jazz of yesterday. Classes teach basic jazz dance technique, terminology and movement quality with an emphasis on proper execution of jazz isolation's, rhythms and style performed to contemporary music.Maybe dance is the best language and the one we should use and that is why all cultures have dance. Dance is smoothing and relaxing. When someone needs a break from anything then the best way to get away is to dance. If someone looks they can find millions of dances to dance to. Someone can tap dance, do other cultural dances or maybe just dance with their heart. When you want to dance then dance as though no one is watching and dance because you want to dance.

Engineering Notebook – How to Keep One

That means, Write EVERYTHING Down, even include a dentist appointment; that's what helps make it a believable Legal Document and suitable for assessment purposes (and believe it or not patent applications too! ). So, keep the notebook up to date and have it Witnessed often by those whom you, report to and understand your work. Also, it can jog the old memory and reduce the number of times you do the same tests. â€Å"†¦ mmmm I’m sure I’ve already done that?†¦ † Of course, It won't Hurt when Final Reports are Due either! Here's How: ) Use a Bound (stitched binding) notebook. DO NOT use a loose leaf or Spiral bound notebook! 2) Entries Should be in Permanent Ink–Not Pencil. 3) The Title, unit Number, date and Book Number (should you need more than one! ) should be accurately recorded when starting a New Page. 4) All data is to be recorded directly into the notebook. The inclusion of all elaborate details is preferable. Notes and calculations should be done in the notebook, NOT on loose paper. In the case of an error, draw a single line through the incorrect data. Do Not Erase or use correction fluid. All corrections should be initialled and dated. 5) In the case where you have used CAD or computer simulation to provide evidence then this should be stored in a folder BUT referred to and cross referenced (using consistent format of date / time / names etc. ) in your notebook 6) After entering your data / design ideas / calculations etc. , sign and date all entries. Witness or witnesses should sign and date each entry too. The witness must observe the work that is done, and have sufficient knowledge to understand what they read. Names of those present during any demonstration should also be recorded. 7) Use Both sides of a Page and Never leave any White Space: â€Å"X† out or Crosshatch all unused space, and don't forget to initial & date the crossing out!. 8) All contents of the notebook / folder should be kept secure & safe. It should be kept in a SAFE place to safeguard against Loss. [The website shown below is full of ideas about design, electronics and tips – but done in an easy to read anecdotal and often humorous way]

Synthesis of 7.7-Dichlorobicyclo [4.1.0]Heptane †Phase Transfer Catalysis Essay Example

Synthesis of 7.7 Synthesis of 7.7-Dichlorobicyclo [4.1.0]Heptane – Phase Transfer Catalysis Paper Synthesis of 7.7-Dichlorobicyclo [4.1.0]Heptane – Phase Transfer Catalysis Paper Abstract The preparation of 7. 7-dichlorobicyclo [4. 1. 0]heptane which is also known as 7,7-dichloronorcarane was done by reacting cyclohexene , chloroform and a base( 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide) with benzyl triethylammonium chloride. The latter being a water soluble phase transfer catalyst (PTC). reaction was performed at room temperature and was distilled at atmospheric pressure. The mechanism of action of the above mentioned PTC is described in the text along with the mechanism for the addition of a dichlorocarbene. The percentage yield obtained was 38. 0%. This is considerably low due to an unfortunate spillage of the product at the stage of semi- micro distillation. Introduction Phase transfer catalysts (PCT) are used to catalyze reactions involving chemical species which are present in different phases. These types of reactions are known as a homogeneous two phase reactions and are usually very slow because the two primary reactants (in this case CHCl3 and NaOH) are in diffe rent phases. The reaction catalyzed in this experiment is the addition of a dichlorocarbene to cyclohexene. The dichlorocarbene must first be generated in solution and this is done using the strong base, 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide, with the aid of the PTC. The benzyl triethylammonium chloride (PTC in this experiment) serves as a transporter of OH ions which dissociate from sodium, from the aqueous phase to the organic phase where chloroform is present. The reaction between OH ions and chloroform can then proceed to generate the dichlorocarbene which then reacts with cyclohexene to produce the desired product. The dissociation of NaOH and the subsequent transporting reaction between the PTC and OH ion is illustrated below. Previously, literature reports describing the generation of a dichlorocarbene often have low yields due to the reaction been conducted under strict anhydrous conditions. The reason for these conditions is because once a dichlorocarbene is generated in an aqueous solution, it readily undergoes hydrolysis to yield undesired products (see reactions a and b below). 2 These side reactions are avoided when the reaction is carried out in a biphase system in the presence of concentrated NaOH and a quartenary ammonium PTC. The effectiveness of this procedure was first demonstrated by Makosza and resulted in high yields of 7. -dichlorobicyclo [4. 1. 0]heptane. 2 Results Preparation of 7. 7-dichlorobicyclo [4. 1. 0]heptane Cyclohexene Chloroform Mass: 2 . 05 grams Volume: 10 ml Molecular Weight: 82. 08 g/mol Density: 1. 49g/ml Melting point: 104 oC Molecular Weight: Amount: 0. 0249 mol Amount: 0. 13 mol Cyclohexene and Cloroform react in a 1: 1 stochiometric ratio therefore cyclohexene is cle arly the limiting reagent in this reaction. Therefore the maximum amount of 7. 7-dichlorobicyclo [4. 1. 0]heptane that can be formed is 0. 249 mol. 7. 7-dichlorobicyclo [4. 1. 0]heptane Mass: 1. 58 g Molecular Weight: 163. 04 g/mol Boiling point: 180-190 degrees Celsius Amount: 0. 0096 mol Percentage Yield = actual amount of product / theoretical amount of product = 1. 58 g/ 4. 072g x 100 = 38. 80% Discussion The synthesis of the desired product (7. 7-dichlorobicyclo [4. 1. 0]heptane)was obtained by following the experimental procedure very carefully but due to unfortunate circumstances during the actual practical, some of the product was lost by spillage at the stage of semi-micro distillation. Therefore the actual yield of product recovered was quiet low which resulted in a final percentage yield of only 38. 80%. Nevertheless the rest of the experiment was carried out with as much precision as possible. After the addition of all the reactants, the reaction flask was placed under reflux, warmed and stirred vigorously for 40 minutes. It was necessary to stir the reaction intensely to ensure that the organic and aqueous layer in the reaction flask is well mixed, hence promoting mass transfer of the OH ion to the Chloroform molecule at the phase interface. The vigorous stirring also increases the turbulence in the reaction flask which facilitates collisions between the primary reactants. This is needed for the reaction to occur at an optimum rate. Hence, the rate constants of the reaction increase as stirring speed increases. If the reaction mixture was not stirred at high speeds, the reaction will not proceed to yield maximum product in the given time and will result in low percentage yields. It was during this stirring time that the action of the PTC is significant. The mechanism of action of the PTC is illustrated and explained below. The base used in this reaction is a strong one (NaOH) which dissociated completely in the aqueous phase to give an excess of OH ions which is needed for the generation of the dichlorocarbene in the organic phase. As seen above, benzyl triethylammonium chloride undergoes a nucleophillic substitution with NaOH. The hydroxyl group from the base displaces the chloride group on the PTC which results in the formation of a quaternary ammonium hydroxide. The PTC is now able to transport the OH ion to the organic phase where it can react with chloroform. The three step mechanism describing the formation of 7. 7-dichlorobicyclo [4. 1. ]heptane is illustrated and explained below. In step one, the hydroxyl group transported into the organic layer via the PTC deprotonates the chloroform molecule to form water. The water subsequently moves into the aqueous layer keeping the water content in the organic layer low. This is important since an accumulation of water can result in undesired reactions be tween chloroform or carbine with water. These reactions (a and b) are illustrated below. 3 Deprotonation of chloroform results in the formation of a trichloromethide anion. 2 . It follows that this anion then slowly releases a chloride group to form the dichlorocarbene (mechanism 2). Here the PTC can also transport the chloride ions back to the aqueous phase via a base-induced ? -elimination. The carbine then attacks the double bond of cyclohexene to finally produce 7. 7-dichlorobicyclo [4. 1. 0]heptane. An Infrared and Gas chromatography analysis was done on the product for identification purposes. The IR spectra were analyzed and the C-Cl bond was identified in the region 580-785 cm-1. The sp3 hybridized C-H bonds were identified in the region just below 3000cm-1. CH2 bending and stretching peaks were identified in the region 1250-1465cm-1. The gas chromatogram had two peaks and this could be due to the possibility of obtaining an impure product. These spectra are attached at the end of this report. Conclusion The synthesis of 7. 7-dichlorobicyclo [4. 1. 0]heptane achieved in a reasonable duration of time with the aid of the phase transfer catalyst, benzyl triethylammonium chloride which facilitated the generation of the dichlorocabene which reacted with hexane to produce the desired product. The percentage yield however was low (38. 80%) due to a loss of product at the final distillation step. Experimental Synthesis of 7. 7-dichlorobicyclo [4. 1. 0]heptane Cyclohexene (2. 5g), chloroform (10. 00ml) and benzyl triethylammonium chloride (0. 26g) was placed in a 100ml quick fit conical flask. To the flask, 10ml of 50% aqueous NaOH was added using an addition funnel. A reflux condenser and a dropping funnel were then set up over the flask. 1ml of 50% aqueous NaOH was poured into the addition funnel and was added to the rea ction mixture. The reaction flask was then gently heated and vigorously stirred over a heater/stirrer unit with the aid of a magnetic stirrer. The remainder 9ml of aqueous NaOH solution was then added drop wise over the next 20 minutes while the reaction mixture was to refluxing. After the addition was complete the mixture was left to reflux for a further 40minutes. When the waiting period had elapsed, 15 ml of saturated sodium chloride and 15ml of hexane was slowly added to the reaction mixture. The mixture was then transferred to a separating funnel and the lower aqueous layer was separated and discarded. The organic layer was washed with two portions 25 ml of deionised water and was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulphate. A distillation apparatus was set up and the solvents from the dried organic layer were distilled off using a steam bath. The distillate was then discarded and the remaining liquid was transferred to semi micro distillation apparatus where the product was distilled used a Bunsen burner. The product was then weighed and the % yield was calculated. References IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd Edition (1997) Thayilekannu Balakrishnan and J. Paul Jayachandran, CHEM. SOC. PERKIN TRANS ,1995, 208, Charles M. Starks, Charles Leonard Liotta, Medical, 1994, 232, 668 Donald L. Pavia, Gary M. Lampman, George S, Organic Laboratory, 2004, 1028 Mieczyslaw Makosza,Pure Appl. Chem. , , 2000, Vol. 72, No. 7, pp. 1399–1403.

Statistics on Tweens and Dating Violence

Statistics on Tweens and Dating Violence While many adults have become aware of the prevalence of teen dating abuse and violence, few realize that preteen girls (and boys) are also victims and that the earlier they become sexually active, the more likely tweens will experience abuse and violence throughout their teen and young adult years. According to the July 2008 Tween and Teen Dating Violence and Abuse Study commissioned by Liz Claiborne Inc. and loveisespect.org, The National Teen Dating Abuse Helpline, tweens involved in relationships with the opposite sex experience significant rates of dating abuse and violence. For the purposes of this study, the following groups were defined as follows:Tweens - adolescents age 11-14Teens - adolecents age 15-18Parents - adults with a child age 11-14 The survey revealed the following about tween dating violence and abuse: Tweens who have been in a relationship report peer pressure and emotional and physical abuse. 62% know friends and peers whove been verbally abused by a boyfriend/girlfriend. 36% know friends and peers whove been pressured by their relationship partner to do something they didnt want to do.20% of 13 and 14-year olds in relationships know friends and peers whove been physically abused (kicked, hit, slapped or punched) by a boyfriend/girlfriend. Tweens identify abuse as a serious problem but dont know what to do about it. 24% say dating abuse and violence is a serious problem among their age group, and 37% say verbal abuse is a problem. Only 51% of tweens say they know the warning signs of a bad tween dating relationship, and 54% say they would know what to do if a friend asked for help. Tweens who engage in sexual activity are more likely to experience teen dating violence and abuse. 69% know say theyve experienced one or more types of abuse in a relationship 61% have been called names or put down verbally. 34% were physically abused . 36% were pressured to have oral sex when they didnt want to . 34% were pressured into having sexual intercourse when they didnt want to . In marked contrast, teens who delay sexual activity experience significantly less teen dating violence and abuse. 36% have been called names or put down verbally. 9% were physically abused . 15% were pressured to have oral sex when they didnt want to . 15% were pressured into having sexual intercourse when they didnt want to . Teens and tweens in relationships are most likely to discuss their experiences with friends and parents. 67% of tweens in relationships discuss their experiences with friends. 67% of tweens in relationships discuss their experiences with their mom. 78% of teens discuss their dating relationships with friends . 48% of teens discuss their dating relationships with their mom . Parents who delay talking to their tweens about relationships may find themselves out of the loop later on. 70% of parents who havent talked to their tween say its because their child is too young. 67% of parents say they know a lot or everything about their tweens dating relationship, but only 51% of tweens agree. 20% of tweens say their parents know little or nothing about their dating relationships, although only 8% of parents admit that . 38% of parents say their tween has been in a relationship, whereas 47% of tweens say that about themselves . Only 8% of parents say that their child has hooked up with a partner, versus 17% of tweens who say theyve hooked up. For parents, educators, and other adults concerned by these findings, two factors clearly have impact on the incidence of tween and teen dating abuse: Delaying the age at which a teenager first has sex greatly reduces the chances she/he will be involved in abuse.Talking to a child very early on about dating, relationships, and sexual behavior even before it seems necessary is essential to maintaining open communications between parent and child and may reduce the incidence of abuse. The Tween and Teen Dating Violence and Abuse Study was conducted January 2-18, 2008 by TRU (Teenage Research Unlimited) and the surveys findings were released July 8, 2008.

A Writers Ouline of Personal Goals and Hopes for the New Millenium

A Writer's Ouline of Personal Goals and Hopes for the New Millenium Music, science, nature, and games have all developed through out the past millennium. It has been a thousand year of innovation, invention, and excitement. Looking back on the last millennium makes my hopes for the new millennium even greater. By seeing all that has already happened, I wonder what else can happen. I think about what just about everything will be like in the new millennium, but most of alI, I think of what new adventures my life will bring to me. In the new millennium I am hoping to graduate high school and go on to college. In college I wish to continue playing soccer and study in the field of medicine and foreign languages. After graduating, I would like to keep going onto medical school. My fields of choice would either be physical therapy or orthopedics. That way I would still be involved in sports, although it is unlikely I will be playing them. Getting a job would be my next challenge. I would love to be a doctor and help out other people. It would not just be a job that would make me money, but it would make me happy. I would try to find a job around this area so I could stay close to my family. Staying close to my family would also be good when I decided to start a family of my own. I would like to have a wife and two or three kids. I think it would be important for my children to, not only stay close to their immediate family, but stay close to their extended family also. I would love to watch my kids grow up and I would try to raise them as well as I was. Seeing them succeed: graduating high school, going through college, and watching them as they accomplished their goals would be very fulfilling to me. I would like to see them start families too, and I would love to be part of my grandchildren’s lives. Then, at about the age of 65, I would like to retire. I would travel all around the world and eat out al the time. I would have as much fun as I possibly could. While my life is going on so will the rest of the world. Throughout the world technology, science and everything else will be advancing. In the world o computers, everything will probably be revolving around them. All business will be on the internet, the computer will be able to respond to you, and nowhere will computers not be the center of attention. Space exploration will go to new, unexplored places. People will walk on the mars and maybe even find intelligent life outside of earth. Music and entertainment will never stop changing, but who knows what will come of them. Everything will change in the next millennium. Who knows what will become of the world, but I am looking forward to seeing what happens, with the world and me.

Tesco Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tesco - Case Study Example This paper seeks to discuss the macro-environmental characteristics of the Canada market where Tesco plans to enter through the use of the VRIO analysis. The company can use its financial strength to open new outlets in Toronto, which is the largest city in Canada. Tesco is a global supermarket whose brands have created a strong image to the target market. Through its diversified product portfolio, the supermarket has effectively met the needs of its customers. VRIO analysis which covers the four aspects that includes the question of value, the question of rarity, the question of imitability, and the question of organization can be used to candidly indicate how well Tesco is in a position to exploit the available opportunities in the foreign markets. Tesco has a strong financial background. This implies that it is able to exploit the opportunities that are available in the Canada market. With revenue of more than 70,000 billion USD and 597,784 employees as at 2013, the supermarket is able to provide competitive services and products to over 35 million customers in Canada (Humby et al, 2006). Canada has various ethnic groups which include the white, Asian, Black, and Aboriginal among others. Given the competitive nature that Tesco enjoys locall y and globally, it is able to meet the needs of the Canada customers who are served by relatively few supermarkets. Another point as noted earlier is on the imitation of the Tesco brands. As a company that value innovation and research, it will not be possible for the competitors in Canada market such as Bulkley Valley Wholesale, Bloor Street Market Foods, Provigo The Market, and Coopers Foods among others to imitate the products that Tesco will provide. In this way, the customers will be provided with a new experience that will make them loyal towards Tesco brands in the Canada market. Under the leadership of Dave Lewis and Sir Richard Broadbent, the CEO and Chairman respectively, Tesco

Civil engineeringredevelopment of ratho stationedighburgh Essay

Civil engineeringredevelopment of ratho stationedighburgh - Essay Example Further, the redevelopment project of Ratho station would also be very helpful as it would be capable to support wider choice of tram services and also helps the occupants in the neighbourhood residential area (Edinburgh, n.d.). The entire landscape of the region is expected to be developed by upholding the rich heritage and natural assets in the region (Edinburgh, n.d). Further, necessary precautions are also given to ensure the occupational safety and health of passengers and the employees in the station. Maximum utilization of renewable energy and also using natural means to give maximum comfort conditions would be the core elements in the architectural plan. Providing the right orientation to enhance the heat gain, passive cooling means to reduce the load on HVAC systems are the few essential interventions planned in this exercise. Providing adequate open spaces that would create more comfort for the passengers are the other key concerns addressed in the planning process. The redevelopment project shall also communicate the philosophy of protection of ancient monuments and buildings besides conservation measures adopted at the heritage locations. BREEAM standards would be followed closely in an effort t o promote the sustainable re-development process of the station. In addition the Ratho station shall act as the focal point of generating local employment. Guidelines of BREEAM. BREEAM guidelines gives the proper direction for the sustainable development initiatives that could be adopted in the design of energy efficient and environmentally safe infrastructure components. The major emphasis given is in the design of cycle ways and pedestrian tracks. Strengthening public transport systems with less dependence on private transport are the important options for providing better living conditions. They also take proper attention for effective implementation of the proposed the travel plans like special cycle ride ways. The important design considerations that need to be incorporated in the design of station facilities are as follows As the energy conservation is one the top most priorities in the redevelopment process, all the lighting systems used would be of the high efficiency lighting systems or low energy consuming units. Further, all the signals and related units too would be converted or replaced in these lines. Conversion of the railway station at Ratho into as an energy producing station , such that station is capable of generating its own power is one of the design objectives. The piezoelectric systems that use the mechanical energy from the movement of gate to generate voltage could be implemented. The successful implementation of such type of systems are claimed by East Japan railway Company. Based on the volume of the passengers expected at the Ratho station it is estimated that atleast 1000kW per second could be generated from Ratho station (Schwartz, 2008). The use of energy efficient LED lamps could be used to indicate the tram arrivals at the station which could lead to considerable reduction in the electric bill (Irani,2006). Further, using systems that minimizes the water consumption by implementing water reuse systems to conserve the water used for

Amazon Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Amazon - Research Paper Example This essay declares that technology is everywhere; it plays an important and major role in the society. It aids in the provision of powerful tools for research. It is used for knowledge transmission and enables people to learn in a much easy and efficient way. The research paper focuses on Amazon technology that is currently widely used for online shopping purposes and the way it has enhanced life. It shows whether the technology offered by Amazon can be used for a prolonged time and in an effective. Online shopping entails use of specific networks to shop for goods online. Lots of information can be found on the internet, but the credibility and reliability of information is questionable. Amazon technology involves e-book innovation, which makes reading e-books easier on other devices. Amazon uses AT&T’s 3G network which aids in bringing e-books to e-readers through their devices. Amazon ought to design solutions that are accurate and precise. This report makes a conclusion that Amazon technology has a great future in carrying out research of any kind. It changes from time to time through upgrades and researchers should be at par with the technology. For one to use the technology efficiently they must be computer literate. In this modern times, access to computers has greatly increased, becoming computer literate should not be a problem. E-readers should come up with effective ways of preventing virus attacks on the systems.

Fundamentals of Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Fundamentals of Finance - Essay Example Therefore, it can be said that M&S possesses a sound fundamental financial position. In order to analyse the efficiency of a company, it is necessary to quantify its financial performance. Not just the investors, but other stakeholders like suppliers, credit providers and banks also consider the financial performance of the company as a parameter of its efficiency. Such analysis is often done in two stages. Initially, the performance of the company is analysed for the past few years (atleast five or more years). Historical data reflects the past trend and fundamentals of the company. However, one should not rely only on historical performance; rather the performance of the company in the last financial year should also be taken into consideration. Tools like ratio analysis should be used to make the process more transparent and holistic. Moreover, the performance of the company should be compared against the industry to arrive at a more authentic conclusion. In the given project, financial performance of Marks and Spencer will be analysed by taking into consideration its last five years performance. Later on, essential ratios will be analysed and compared against the industry benchmark to have a more comprehensive understanding. Marks and Spencer is one of the leading retailers in UK. Data published by the company reveals that in a single week more than 21 million customers visit its stores. The company is engaged in selling high quality clothes and home products along with quality food. The supplier base of the company comprises more than 2,000 suppliers from different parts of the world. Approximately 76, 000 people are employed by UK and other stores located in 41 overseas territories. The company was founded by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer in the year 1884 for selling specifically British products. However, with time, the company had to break this policy to gain competitive edge in

Communicative ethics in the workplace Term Paper

Communicative ethics in the workplace - Term Paper Example Differing environments and diverse job classes cater to a wide variety of mental wavelengths as well as sociological and psychological characteristics each pertaining to an individual area of expertise. When postulating the idea of communicative efforts to breed desired results in any given situation, a careful analysis of the environment is key to success. Discussing the idea of communicative ethics in a precise manner is going to help us understand the underlying factors that make up human interaction in each scenario. Sticking to a very general and concise approach, each branch of communication involving diplomacy, creating credibility, and building trust will be elaborated on by examining ethical relations in varying contexts. Ethics is defined by two categories of thought relating on how to examine human actions within a specific paradigm. The first of these is called categorical ethics, whose main idea is defined primarily by Immanuel Kant as the â€Å"categorical imperativeâ € . The categorical imperative states specifically that actions can be either right or wrong, that they must be categorized in some way or fashion and thrown into a labeled dichotomy. The basis of his idea stems from the humanistic quality of desire. If a human being needs or wants something then inherently the human will seek out a path of attaining what he or she so desires. Determining factors as to the actual motivations behind the desire are what Kant zeroes in on and labels as good or bad. The deeper aspects of the categorical imperative are a syllogism to measure out the morality of the action. By developing the ability to analyze given situations in varying circumstances we gain the ability to determine what action to take will have the most beneficial outcome for us as an individual. The desire for a specific outcome will change the shape of the methodology used to acquire it (Cheney, 2004). Discursive ethics are then bound by whether or not individuals are engaged in di scourse for the basis of self motivation or a common understanding of the ethical dilemma of the other individual. This brings about the idea of subjective ethics, or whether or not when two humans engage in communicative discourse do they in fact consider or perceive each other’s subjectivity. This idea really stems away from the right and wrong dichotomy of Kantian ethics and displays the characteristics of meshing into the gray area. Subjective ethics takes the approach of rationally analyzing different situations and determining a basis of value for an action that may or may not be all good or all bad, sometimes completely being in between. In terms of corporate or social responsibility even imagine the topic of CEO compensation. How much compensation is really able to be classified as good or bad, more or less, enough or too much? Being virtuous and steadfast with decisions in the social world tends to breed positive results, overzealous attitudes and lax performance do not. Edmund Burke stated that each human in themselves carries a â€Å"lamp of experience† (Sherman, 2009). This lamp is a guiding light which illuminates all experiences which shape the subjective reality of an individual, therefore making each human interaction a subjective experience in which no one human can truly understand the subjectivity of another due to the lamps having taken each one on a different path in life. However, the closer two individuals come to understanding the subjective nature in the interactions taking place, the more value that can be placed on the discourse therein (Sherman, 2009). The idea of communication being utilized by any individual for the purpose of developing complex social relationships in the workplace will be analyzed thoroughly by examining what it is to use communicative ethics, understanding the diverse differences between workplace environments and their impact on communicative structure, and finally by grasping the total net profi ts and

Testing Weak-Form Efficiency of Chinese Stock Market Literature review

Testing Weak-Form Efficiency of Chinese Stock Market - Literature review Example A specific concern of this review involves the weak-form of market efficiency. Ho and Lee (2004) provided deep insights in this aspect, outlining background information as well as an outline of empirical evidences that defined, explained and determined weak-form efficiencies in stock market such as those in the United States. Chandra (2008, pp.423) also explained relevant hypotheses such as how current price of a stock reflects all information found in the record of past prices and volumes, which is translated to the argument that past and future price movements are not related. A very important aspect in the existing literature on stock market efficiency is the testing process and methodology. This makes sense because in order to determine the performance and output of a specific stock market, it must be assessed or tested for efficiency. In this regard, numerous studies were undertaken. For instance, the works of Campbell, Lo and MacKinlay (1997) as well as Barber and Lyon (1997) a nd Loughran and Ritter (2000) demonstrated and examined the conventional strategies for testing performance under normal economic conditions. The information provided by Preston and Collins (1966) is quite helpful for this study. The researchers outlined the criteria by which stock market efficiency could be appraised. ... A review of the corpus of literature demonstrate high amount of work done on weak market efficiency. One of the earliest to have investigated this theme is Fama (1965), who found a serial correlation from among the top stocks listed in the American stock market by evaluating time-dependence that occur in the current and past returns. Further studies have argued in favor of adding additional variables such as when Campbell and Shiller (1988) and Harvey (1995) found the need to include financial and macroeconomic variables in the outcome and distribution of return rate. Review of empirical evidence on weak-form efficiency from developed Market The general consensus, at least from the perspective of most researchers such as Fama (1970), Bhatti, Campbell et al., Al-Shanfari and Hossain (2006), Lim (2008), is that market efficiency is not realistic. Groh (2009, pp.5) explained that as a result of such condition, there must exist adequate opportunities for profit, which are the same as ine fficiencies, compensating investors in the process for the cost incurred in the trading and other market activities. Abramowicz, Maciaszek and Wecel (2011, pp.113) echoed this, as they reported that although possible – though only demonstrated in its higher probability in developed markets – market efficiency is not realistic. These claims were validated by the work of Moyer et al. (2012, pp.48) who reported in their investigation that the US markets are efficient in the weak-form context. Another study that supports this position is that one undertaken by Dow and Gorton (1997). In this study, it was found that economic efficiency has insignificant an impact on stock market efficiency. What this means is that wealthy

Communicative ethics in the workplace Term Paper

Communicative ethics in the workplace - Term Paper Example Differing environments and diverse job classes cater to a wide variety of mental wavelengths as well as sociological and psychological characteristics each pertaining to an individual area of expertise. When postulating the idea of communicative efforts to breed desired results in any given situation, a careful analysis of the environment is key to success. Discussing the idea of communicative ethics in a precise manner is going to help us understand the underlying factors that make up human interaction in each scenario. Sticking to a very general and concise approach, each branch of communication involving diplomacy, creating credibility, and building trust will be elaborated on by examining ethical relations in varying contexts. Ethics is defined by two categories of thought relating on how to examine human actions within a specific paradigm. The first of these is called categorical ethics, whose main idea is defined primarily by Immanuel Kant as the â€Å"categorical imperativeâ € . The categorical imperative states specifically that actions can be either right or wrong, that they must be categorized in some way or fashion and thrown into a labeled dichotomy. The basis of his idea stems from the humanistic quality of desire. If a human being needs or wants something then inherently the human will seek out a path of attaining what he or she so desires. Determining factors as to the actual motivations behind the desire are what Kant zeroes in on and labels as good or bad. The deeper aspects of the categorical imperative are a syllogism to measure out the morality of the action. By developing the ability to analyze given situations in varying circumstances we gain the ability to determine what action to take will have the most beneficial outcome for us as an individual. The desire for a specific outcome will change the shape of the methodology used to acquire it (Cheney, 2004). Discursive ethics are then bound by whether or not individuals are engaged in di scourse for the basis of self motivation or a common understanding of the ethical dilemma of the other individual. This brings about the idea of subjective ethics, or whether or not when two humans engage in communicative discourse do they in fact consider or perceive each other’s subjectivity. This idea really stems away from the right and wrong dichotomy of Kantian ethics and displays the characteristics of meshing into the gray area. Subjective ethics takes the approach of rationally analyzing different situations and determining a basis of value for an action that may or may not be all good or all bad, sometimes completely being in between. In terms of corporate or social responsibility even imagine the topic of CEO compensation. How much compensation is really able to be classified as good or bad, more or less, enough or too much? Being virtuous and steadfast with decisions in the social world tends to breed positive results, overzealous attitudes and lax performance do not. Edmund Burke stated that each human in themselves carries a â€Å"lamp of experience† (Sherman, 2009). This lamp is a guiding light which illuminates all experiences which shape the subjective reality of an individual, therefore making each human interaction a subjective experience in which no one human can truly understand the subjectivity of another due to the lamps having taken each one on a different path in life. However, the closer two individuals come to understanding the subjective nature in the interactions taking place, the more value that can be placed on the discourse therein (Sherman, 2009). The idea of communication being utilized by any individual for the purpose of developing complex social relationships in the workplace will be analyzed thoroughly by examining what it is to use communicative ethics, understanding the diverse differences between workplace environments and their impact on communicative structure, and finally by grasping the total net profi ts and

English speech Essay Example for Free

English speech Essay Morning/Afternoon, fellow students. As all of you have had the unfortunate task to study belonging as part of the hsc, and many of you are sitting here zoning my speech out but belonging to people and place is one of the main reasons why we want to belong. In Orson Scott Card’s novel Enders Game it is a major struggle for young Ender Wiggin and he feels like he will never belong. Belonging is not welcomed but is still portrayed deeply in Sean Penn’s film Into the Wild with Chris McCandless never fully understanding the concept of belonging. These texts demonstrate belonging both differently and similarly to Steven Herrick’s free-verse novel The Simple Gift. The human kind has always looked for people to belong to as it is one the most basic instincts for us humans to look for. Sean Penn had the challenge to demonstrate the life of Chris McCandless. At the age 22 from an affluent background Chris felt like he did not belong in the life he was living and unlike most people his age he got and left his life behind him and â€Å"risked†¦ a relentlessly lonely path†. Penn uses narration to explain how Chris had the ability to belong to a father like man (Ron) but instead Chris continued to walk down the lonely path. Through the flashbacks in scenes on Chris’s life with Rainey and Jan Burres, who practically begged Chris to stay with them and have the chance to belong but still he didn’t take that chance. Sean Penn is able to illustrate that Chris’s understanding of belonging was obscure. But still Chris couldn’t find the ability to belong to other people and took his whole lifetime to understand that â€Å"Happiness is only real when shared.† In The Simple Gift Billy a similar person to Chris but unlike Chris, Billy had the ability to belong to people and was able to settle down because of his sense of belonging. Orson Scott Card’s protagonist Andrew Wiggin also known as ‘Ender’ was born into a post-modern society and he is referred to as genetically perfect and intellectually smarter and the age of 8 he was asked to leave home and go to train to become the best military leader. The men in charge have one job and it â€Å"is to produce the best soldiers in the World†. Through the uses of irony of creating a child soldier Mazor Rackham (man in charge) assumed that there  would no consequences to Ender’s life, from creating a child military leader, thus this caused Ender to never belong to anyone. Graff (the man who trained Ender) â€Å"wanted to help Ender† but would rather create a better soldier. Through the contradiction of Graff wanting to help Ender but Graff being determined to create a better soldier, which forced Ender into isolation and had no one to belong too. Orson Scott Card is able to portray the effects of lack of belonging on Ender and show how it affects people. Alike to the Simple Gift and Into the Wild both protagonists never felt belonging with their parents. Even both characters may not have faced such a harsh lack of belonging compared to Ender but both Billy and Chris still new the toll it can take on someone. Most people want to belong to a place which causes people to search for belonging and the ability to call a place home. Orson Scott Card’s novel Ender’s Game try’s to demonstrate, how Ender struggled to belong to places but believed that Battle School was â€Å"the only place in the universe where he belonged.† Card uses hyperbole to help the audience understand that the child Ender had made an attachment and belonged to place and thought it as home. When Ender got forced to move on from the only place Ender liked â€Å"He hated it. He wanted to go back home, back to the Battle School.† Through short sentencing Card is able to illustrate that when ender arrives back to his original home he did not belong. The audience is able to understand the desperation for young Ender to get back to his home and belong. Similar to Ender’s Game, The Simple Gift Billy did not now what to do when he knew that he might have to leave his newly founded home. In Sean Penn’s film Into the Wild belonging is not part of Chris’s vocabulary. Chris as a young man had lived in more places than most people can imagine. Chris’s lack of belonging to these places causes him to keep moving from place to place even though he had the chance to belong. Through compressed time of the film shows Chris constantly moving around and demonstrate to the audience that Chris does not understand belonging and missed the happiness he was looking for. At the end of Chris’s life he is able to determine what the true meaning of happiness is and that he had the chance to belong. Through the close up of Chris’s last breath facial expressions shows sadness that Chris had places to belong too but in his dyeing breath he knew that he had missed his chance . Through  this the audience is able to understand that Chris knew that he had the chance to belong to many places. Even though both Ender’s Game and The Simple Gift had places to belong both Ender at his house and Billy at Nowheres Vile, knew how it felt not to belong to a place. Fitting into a place or being able to belong to a group of people is a significant part of the normal person’s life. Sean Penn was able to direct Into the Wild and is able to portray Chris and his very different understanding of belonging. Orson Scott Card’s novel Ender’s Game was able to illustrate the effects of what little belonging can do people. Through these texts and The Simple Gift all three composers were able to demonstrate similar and differently the effects of belonging to people and place.

The Importance of Socio dramatic Play

The Importance of Socio dramatic Play Much of our understanding of the value of play has originated from Piaget (1962) and Vygotsky (1978), who focused on the role of play in childrens development. They saw children as active explorers of their world. With each new encounter or interaction, children were able to discover new meanings, and thus developed more complex understandings and skills. Play is therefore, an important part of the process of constructing knowledge. It enables children to control what happens and to use what they already know to further their understanding and development. Socio-dramatic play is one of the most important forms of play (Smilansky Shefatya, 1992). Play experiences support children to be active participants in developing and strengthening their character, finding their own voice in compromising with others or directing their play ideas. When engaging in pretend play, children use fantasy, make-believe, and symbolic behavior in representing one object as another (Kaugers Ross 2009). Pla y is a skill worth practicing and mastering not, as adults often seem to think of it, a mere time filler or something to do outside to blow off steam. Mastering play is as important as mastering oral or written language. All these modes of symbolic representation enable human beings to remember manage, plan, and communicate with each other (Reynolds Jones 1997). The term play is often used but loosely defined. For the purpose of this paper when speaking of play the kind of play that will be discussed will be socio-dramatic play (Smilanskiy 1968). This type of play,also called dramatic, imaginative, or pretend play, can occur with peers, adults, or both. Characteristics of socio-dramatic play include make-believe that involves roles, objects, and situations; and includes language and social interaction. The social aspect distinguishes socio-dramatic play from dramatic play because children can and do pretend during solitary play. Socio-dramatic play may also occur in combination with constructive play in early childhood classrooms. Much of what we currently know about sociodramatic play started with Vygotskys research. Vygotsky saw play as the leading behavior in childrens development. In Vygotskys theory, children play beyond their years (Bodrova Leong, 2005). The play has several elements to it. First, the play must include an imaginary element, second, involved children must have assigned role(s) with implicit rules, and finally, language must be involved. (Smilansky Shefatya, 1992). The Role of Teachers in Childrens Play Because children are the active participant they have autonomy over their play and this is one of the most empowering experiences a child can have (Canning, 2007). The adults in the childs world play an integral role. Children want support in practical difficulties, but also want to be seen as important and competent individuals (Pramling, Samuelsson, Johansson 2009). Children want to know when they are doing the right things and want to appear in a favorable light to their teachers and other adults by informing them when peers break rules. By this the children also confirm the teachers, in the sense that they are to be trusted, they know how things should be and they have power and knowledge to mediate. The role of the teacher in play is complex and can involve a directive, non-directive, and/or elaborative role. Howard, Jenvey, and Hill (2006) indicated that higher levels of teacher verbalization can reduce play behavior. Similarly, Tamburrini (1982) suggested that re-direction dev alued play as a learning activity whereas elaborative interaction facilitated play behavior. Play activities tend to occur more frequently between children rather than with teachers (Canning, 2007). Piagets clinical observations supported educators discoveries that children construct knowledge for themselves through spontaneous activity. Through the play experiences teachers provide; children acquire rules, imitate reality, and socialize with their peers (Piaget, 1962). So then in the early years for many teaching is based on observation. Teachers dont however just watch and sit idly by. They also make play possible. The play they make possible is rich, complex, and thoughtfully-planned. Socio-dramatic play provides an excellent context for children to develop and practice many important skills and behaviors that contribute to later success in school and life. As play matures, there is a progressive transition from reactive to and impulsive behaviors to behaviors that are more delib erate and thoughtful (Bodrova Leong, 2005). Teachers need to know how to observe play, helping children grow into master players. Like every stage of development, play does not occur automatically, it needs nurturing from a capable adult. Children must learn how to engage in satisfying socio-dramatic play and teachers must take responsibility for setting up their environment and assisting the play by taking on the role of observer, stage-manager, and co- player (Bredekamp 2005). Within research, play has been analyzed in numerous studies. The purpose of this study will be to examine the role of the teachers involvement during play. Specifically can a teacher or another trained adult improve socio-dramatic play to improve other cognitive and socio-emotional abilities? In order to examine this, the following questions need to be explored: What is the level of socio-dramatic play in the classroom? How is the teacher involved? What obstacles hinder progress? Method Participants and Setting Dependent Variable Independent Variable Experimental Design and Procedures

The Outsider in Virginia Woolfs A Room of Ones Own Essay -- Virginia

The Outsider in Virginia Woolf's A Room of One's Own In A Room of One's Own Virginia Woolf writes: "I had no wish to enter had I the right, and this time the verger might have stopped me, demanding perhaps my baptismal certificate, or a letter if introduction from the dean"(8). This particular line jumps out at me for several reasons. First off, I find it rather humorous. I was rather surprised by this remark as well. I did not think that I would be reading anything that would make me laugh even the slightest bit. Despite this, Woolf is angry after being refused entrance to the university library, and she shows it with this bit of wit and sarcasm. She does not think that it is fair or proper to keep women out of such places. I am also willing to bet that this is not the first time that she has ever been asked to leave a place solely because she is a woman. In this respect she is an outsider in two ways: she is not a member of the university, and she is a woman. This frustrates her greatly, but she does not just explode in her writing. She makes little comments here and there tha...

Cells and their parts Essay -- essays research papers

Cells are some of the smallest organisms around. All living things consist of cells, and yet they are invisible to the naked eye. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life. Cells are made up of many different parts which allow them to function properly. All cells are separated from their surrounding by a cell membrane. The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also aids in the protection and support of the cell. A cell membrane is similar to the walls surrounding your house. In plants the cell membrane is surrounded by a cell wall. The cell wall is outside the cell membrane, and its purpose is to help the membrane protect and support the cell. Since the cell wall is very porous, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other substances can pass through easily. A cell wall is similar to a fence around your house, because it helps protect other things from getting inside the cell. In many cells there is a the nucleus, which was first described by Robert Brown. If a cell does or does not have a nucleus has been used by scientists to divide cells into two general categories. The two categories are Eukaryotics, which are cells with a nucleus, and Prokaryotic, which are cells without a nucleus. The nucleus has been found to be the information center of the cell and contains DNA. It also directs all activities that occur in a living cell. It’s like a mini me of the heart and brain of a human body. Most nuclei contain a small area called the nuc...

Qualitative Research Methodologies Essay

Veal (2000) has described research a â€Å"systematic and careful inquiry ands search for the truth† or an investigation into a subject to discover facts. Research is collection of methods, tools and techniques for acquiring knowledge. The nature of research is to discover and explain and answer the unanswered questions. Qualitative methodology focuses on â€Å"quality† a term referring to the essence or ambience of something (Anastas, 1999). Qualitative methods are used to understand complex social phenomena. They are suitable to seek knowledge about the fundamental characteristics of a phenomenon under study. Types of Qualitative Methodologies Case-Study Research Methodology Case study as a â€Å"realistic† methodology, which deals with solid and specific questions. Case study translates research question into more researchable problems, and provides rich examples, which are easy to comprehend. The significance of case studies is its revealing meaning of a phenomenon. Observation Research Methodology Scott (2001) has described observation an effective way of finding out about people in their particular environment. Observational research method provides understanding of interaction between marketers and users, exploring members interaction in an organisation and understanding norms in a community. Ethnographic Research Methodology According to Garson (1998) ethnography is the study of cultural groupings. It concentrates on close field observation of socio-cultural phenomena. Ethnographic research is a holistic approach that tries to understand a culture through the members of given culture. Quantitative Research Methodologies Quantitative research is gathering data in quantity. The goal of the quantitative research approach is to find out the truth by using statistical procedure. Hara (1995) has pointed out that quantitative methodology allows readers to understand facts easily by looking at charts and graphs. The use of statistics reduces contradictions, which may exist in research. Morgan (2000) has mentioned that â€Å"quantification† allows accuracy of statements by providing facts and figures with precision. Absence of one will make the other incomprehensible. It is assumed that quantitative methodologies are more logical and more comprehensible than qualitative methodology for this reason. descriptive, experimental, quasi-experimental Methodologies. Data Collection However for this research the most appropriate method for this study is case study as this study is comparison of these two cities based on the data and facts obtained from different libraries, books, journals, newspapers and census department to answer the questions below. †¢ How history and geographical location influence their development? †¢ What are the current economic figures of the cities? †¢ How much progress these cities have made in trade, commerce health education and sanitation systems? †¢ What is the role of geography and location in the development of urban cities?

Portfolio A Systematic Collection Education Essay

As instructors we interact, work and program activities for pupils. These activities are geared to develop their acquisition, hence be aftering for pupils progress instructors need to document the development of the kids betterments on a day-to-day footing. To make this a system that is easy to utilize and one that is flexible plenty to account all or most of the activities they participate in, therefore appraisal is an umportant portion of entering advancement. Appraisal is the procedure of happening out what kids can make, what they know and the things they are interested in. appraisal besides involves all methods through which instructors can derive an apprehension of kids ‘s development and acquisition. Assessment is of import because once information is gained, appropriate activities and experiences can be implemented for continued growing in all countries of development. Appraisal comes in many signifiers, and some work better than others. The National Association for the Education of Young Children ( NAEYC ) provides assessment guidelines in its publicationA Developmentally Appropriate Practice in Early Childhood Programs Serving Children From Birth Through Age Eight. In this publication, NAEYC states that: â€Å" Developmental appraisal of kids ‘s advancement and accomplishments is used to accommodate course of study to fit the developmental demands of kids, to pass on with the kid ‘s household, and to measure the plan ‘s effectivity † ( Bredekamp, p. 13 ) . â€Å" Appraisal of single kids ‘s development and acquisition is indispensable for planning and implementing developmentally appropriate plans, but should be used with cautiousness to forestall favoritism against persons and to guarantee truth. Accurate testing can merely be achieved with dependable, valid instruments and such instruments developed for usage with immature kids are highly rare. In the absence of valid instruments, proving is non valuable. Therefore, appraisal of immature kids should trust to a great extent on the consequences of observations and descriptive informations † ( Bredekamp, pp. 12-13 ) . Portfolios Portfolio is a systematic aggregation or sample of kids work, with information associating to each kid ‘s developmental advancement which depicts the pupil activities, achievements, and accomplishments within the educational scene. As explained by Carol Gestwicki in Developmentally Appropriate Practice: Course of study and Development in Early Education, â€Å" Portfolios may incorporate aggregations of representative work of kids that illustrate their advancement and achievementsaˆÂ ¦ † and â€Å" Children are encouraged to add their ain choices of work that they feel show their advancement to the portfolios † ( Gestwicki, p. 304 ) . Portfolio promotes a positive, enthusiastic position is the statement in Janine Batzles ‘s book, A Portfolio Assessment and Evaluation: â€Å" A portfolio should be a jubilation of the kid ‘s alone abilities, accomplishments, and advancement, displayed through reliable samples † ( Batzle, p. 60 ) . There are two major types of portfolios which instructors can utilize which is procedure and merchandise portfolio. The procedure portfolio is used to document each phase of larning which provides a progressive record of pupil ‘s growing. The merchandise portfolio demonstrates command of a learning undertaking or a set of larning aims and contains merely the best work. Teachers use process portfolios to assist pupils place larning ends, papers advancement over clip, and show acquisition command†¦ In general, instructors prefer to utilize procedure portfolios because they are ideal for documenting the phases that pupils go through as they learn and advancement ( Venn, 2000, p. 533 ) . Student ‘s portfolios can take assorted physical signifiers, depending on which 1 is comfy for the instructor and the type of kid attention plan offered. They can be boxes, squeeze box files, booklets, three-ring binders, exposure albums, and or combinations and similar points can be used as receptacles for cogent evidence of advancement. Teachers can hold two containers: one for 3-dimensional samples of the kid ‘s attempts and another for signifiers and planar beginnings of information. Portfolios are an individualised manner in measuring pupils hence each kid should hold their ain portfolio. Portfolios can include many points of each kid ‘s alone involvements, besides pupils demands can be addressed harmonizing to what is included in their portfolio. Teachers can utilize exposures, drawings, colloquial notes, sound and picture recordings and observations. Photographs are taken of kids when they work on undertakings that can non be saved for future mention, like edifice blocks, modeling clay, bead threading where at times they threading harmonizing to pictured forms, and when they build mystifiers without aid. Samples of the kids ‘s work is saved in their portfolios as they are placed each kid advancement, helps the instructor and parents to derive a better apprehension of the pupil strengths and failing depending on the age and development degree of each kid. With this information from the portfolios, instructors are able to be after for future course of study. Some advantages of portfolio appraisal is where instructors can mensurate public presentation based on echt samples of the kids ‘s work, it enables instructors and pupils to portion in the duty for puting learning ends and for measuring their advancement toward run intoing those ends and portfolios can supply a procedure for structuring acquisition in phases. The disadvantages of portfolio appraisal could be hard in garnering all the necessary informations and work samples which therefore makes portfolios bulky and hard to pull off, and besides to develop a systematic and calculated direction system tends to be hard, but this measure is necessary in order to do them a random aggregation of pupils work. Systematic Observation Systematic observations are observations where instructors become really familiar with the involvements, demands, and strengths of all of the kids in their schoolrooms. With this type of observation instructors become cognizant when kids exhibit discernible forms of behavior that indicate they are fighting with larning prior to formal procedure of acquisition, every bit immature as age three ( Lowenthal, 1998 ; Steele, 2004 ) . With a tool to aim their observations, instructors can utilize systematic observation as a speedy and cost-efficient manner to find which kids might be fighting with acquisition and benefit from extra support ( Satz & A ; Fletcher, 1988 ) .A With the usage of systematic observation the instructor observes the whole category hence allow him/her to go cognizant of the pupils needs whereby the instructor can be after suitably. This type of observation agencies that decisions or readings are based on observations of the kid over clip instead than a erstwhile appraisal of a kid ‘s accomplishments and abilities.A Systematic observation is to be done when kids, are playing entirely, in little groups, in big groups, at assorted times of twenty-four hours and in assorted fortunes. Systematic observation must be nonsubjective, selective, unnoticeable, and carefully recorded ( Bertrand and Cebula, 1980 ) . Teachers are to detect the kids interacting with their environment and with others and document what they see. Some instructors use checklists, stock list, evaluation graduated table, anecdotal notes, recordings or other signifiers to enter their observations. This procedure seems to be natural and appropriate for preschool instructors because â€Å" Preschool kids demonstrate growing and larning through activity ( Worthham, 1994, p. 213 ) . The checklist or stock list is entering tools which are used for entering pupil ‘s advancement and this procedure is easier for instructors to work with. Checklist or stock list are to be based on instructional aims and the development associated with the acquisition of the accomplishments being monitored, thereby these observations should be based on regular activities, non on specially designed or contrived activities. These tools can besides include infinites for brief remarks, which provide extra information non captured in the checklist. Rating Scale is used to assist instructors and parents gather and portion information about immature kids with specific attending to features that might be early marks of larning disablements. The evaluation graduated table besides allows instructors and parents to reflect consistently on their concerns and helps them acknowledge if the kid would profit from extra support. The information gathered about the pupils across developmental spheres, which are the Perceptual and Motor, Self-Management, Social and Emotional, Early Math, Early Literacy, Receptive Language, and the Expressive Language sphere. The consequences will inform communicating and planning among parents, school forces, and others. Anecdotal notes are used to enter specific observations of single pupil behaviors, accomplishments and attitudes, these notes provide cumulative information on pupil acquisition, uncovering penetrations about the kid ‘s advancement when they are reviewed consecutive and provides way for farther direction. Anecdotal records are besides factual, nonjudgmental notes of kids ‘s activity ( Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, 1991 ) . They are most utile for entering self-generated events. The advantages are that the perceiver does non necessitate particular preparation, and the observation can be used to concentrate specifically on the behavior of involvement. The disadvantages of this type of appraisal are that the consequences depend upon the memory of the single perceiver, and the perceiver may overlook much important behavior to concentrate on a specific behavior. Systematic observation strengths are that it is used in the natural scene of the kid ‘s schoolroom environment, the instructor can detect what causes the pupil specific behavior and topographic points minimum restraints on kids ‘s behavior and activities, leting them to act of course and exhibit their full scope of accomplishments and abilities while prosecuting in activities that hold intending for them, such as dramatic drama activities or block building ( Hills, 1993 ; Schweinhart, 1993 ) . Systematic observation besides has its weak countries where the teacher/observer may falsify information which can do them invalid, some pupils do non work efficaciously when they are being watched and they may execute otherwise. Traditional Trial Traditional appraisal ( TA ) refers to standardise proving that uses inquiries with a limited figure of reply picks. They can be multiple-choice trials, fill-in-the-blanks, true-false, duplicate, essays and some short reply responses. Students typically select an reply or remember information to finish the appraisal. These trials may be standardized or teacher-created, and may be administered locally, province broad, or internationally. Other proving methods, sometimes known as performance-based appraisal, alternate appraisal or reliable appraisal, focal point on the procedure by which a pupil arrives at an reply in add-on to the concluding response. Most standardised trials are non designed to measure the individualised growing and development taking topographic point in your schoolroom. But there are other assessment tools that do! Early on childhood pedagogues are uncomfortable with the thought of proving the immature kids they work with. This is because the traditional appraisal tools were designed chiefly for older elementary-school pupils. Children taking these trials are assessed on stray accomplishments in ways that are unfamiliar to them, and the trial consequences frequently do non reflect kids ‘s personal experiences or cognition. One of the primary benefits of traditional appraisal is the easiness in which decision makers and admittances professionals can analyse and compare pupil tonss. Standardized proving that relies wholly on quantifiable responses produces an appraisal that is easy to hit. Test shapers can categorise inquiries to find which countries pupils excel in and which they have trouble with. Students ‘ consequences are comparable over clip and across a big, diverse group of pupils. Recently nevertheless, new attacks to appraisal has been deriving credence among early childhood and primary class instructors. These are known as â€Å" public presentation † or â€Å" reliable † appraisal ; these new tools have many benefits that standardized trials do non, which are, that they consistently document what kids know and can make based on activities they engage in on a day-to-day footing in their schoolrooms. They are flexible plenty to let instructors to measure each kid ‘s advancement utilizing information obtained from ongoing schoolroom interactions with stuffs and equals. They are a agencies for bettering direction, leting instructors to be after a comprehensive, developmentally oriented course of study based on their cognition of each kid. Traditional appraisal methods have the disadvantage of missing real-world context. Students answer inquiries one by one without the demand to use long-run critical logical thinking accomplishments. They besides lack opportunities to show their logical thinking accomplishments despite a deficiency of cognition about a inquiry ‘s specific capable affair. Alternate assessment methods allow pupils to use their accomplishments and cognition within a context that more closely resembles job work outing and knowledge application in most occupations or day-to-day undertakings. Traditional appraisal besides has both advantages and disadvantages when it comes to the manner pedagogues teach. Traditional appraisal forces pedagogues to pass clip learning pupils how to pull off trials, including schemes for choosing right replies from a listed group. Alternative appraisal allows pedagogues to concentrate on critical logical thinking accomplishments, which pupils will be able to use of course to long-form trial inquiries. However, in state of affairss where alternate appraisal replaces traditional appraisal, this means instructors need to larn new methods of trial readying and schools need to develop alternate signifiers of public presentation appraisal for their pupils and instructors. Decision Appraisals are utile, effectual tools to help early childhood professionals in admiting and documenting each kid ‘s advancement. Appraisals can be alone to each kid and the contents can concentrate on each kid ‘s specific interactions with his or her environment, stuffs, equals, and instructors. Both parents and kids can work together positively. This tripartite conferencing and planning method, affecting instructors, parents, and kids, is a major end of reliable appraisal today ( Ryan, p. 2 ) . Appraisals are practical and utile for both coverage and planning. The signifier and format are adaptable to each educational plan of immature kids.

Europe and its Relationship with the World

Europe and its relationship to the universe From the clip through early 1800’s to early 1900’s, Europe has changed a batch in many parts. Such as the Gallic revolution and the Spanish and Lusitanian are seeking to set up their settlement, to distribute their ain civilization and faith like Christian. There are, undouble, a batch of advancements during that clip that can decidedly be found, while the definition of advancement can be understood in different manner, there are non merely positive advancement, but besides a batch of negative advancement. In European’s thought at that clip, they decidedly think the advancement is positive, while for those indigens who live in European settlement they may happen a batch of unjust and see this advancement that made by Europe is negative. We can non deny the benefit that the Europe has made at that clip, but to see the relationship between Europe and the universe between 1800-1914 negative advancements are more obvious because of European industrialisation and impe rialism. A batch of illustrations can be found during 1800- 1914 to demo the imperialism of Europeans is non accepted by the indigens. We can see Europeans at that clip were non so successful when they are seeking to construct the relationship with Africa. From the novel â€Å"Thingss Fall Apart†[ 1 ] by Chinua Achebe, the writer writes about how the Europeans treated Africans in an unjust manner, from the age of industrialisation. Europeans arrived in West Africa non for peace but for the slaves, they want enslave the Africans and allow them go the free labour for Europe and work for Europe.Achebe showed how the native react when they hear about the Europeans, â€Å" We have heard narratives about white work forces who made the powerful guns and the strong drinks and took slaves away across the seas, but no 1 thought the narratives were true † [ 2 ] ( Ch. 15 Achebe ) . We can see the Africans do non even think Europeans as one of world will handle their compatriots as slaves, b ut they were incorrect. In the terminal of the novel, we can see there was about no effectual advancement has been made between the Africans and the Europeans. In the antonym, the Europeans really had destroyed all the good hopes to the European that Africans used to hold and convey war to them non merely for their land but besides for their faith. In the book Okonkwo says to Obrierika, â€Å"He [ Europeans ] came softly and pacifically with his faith. We were amused at his folly and allowed him to remain. Now he has won our brothers and our kin can no longer move like one † [ 3 ] ( Ch. 20 Achebe ) . The Europeans usage means to change over some members of the indigens to Christianity, but cause other indigens to detest Christian. To be honest, we can non happen any positive advancement that was made between the Europeans and the Africans because the selfishness of Europeans make they took advantage of indigens land and labour but merely convey goods to their ain state. In add-on, we besides can happen this unfair in the novel â€Å"This Earth of mankind† which writes about a immature adult male, Minke, who can populate a instead simple life as a pupil in a Dutch high school in Surabaya, Indonesia. Although he is one of the few Natives who surveies in his school, he still do non lose confident for himself. But Minke’s life begins to alter when he meets and falls in love with the most beautiful miss he has of all time seen. Annelies is a mixed-blood girl of a Native and a European man of affairs. Her female parent as a native learn several sorts of linguistic communication and truly outstanding. When Minke’s relationship with Ann grows deeper, people of the town start to state he and Annelies is illegal, but even his life is threatened and he is brought to the tribunal, he still continues to contend against the unfairnesss of the authorities, non merely want to win but to support humanity and its rights. Although Minke and Anneli es eventually lose but they do demo to this Earth of world a great illustration that racism will ne'er be a good manner to handle people and justness will eventually come. This is a great novel that shows how people fight against for their right. Different from â€Å"Thingss Fall Apart†, â€Å"this Earth of mankind† [ 4 ] shows a negative advancement of Europe’s imperialism has cause but show us a positive attitude about how to defy the unfairness under the imperialism. This article shows the hope and the imperialism will eventually do Europe lose the people. Jules Ferry besides talks about the enlargement of colonial and what character should the Europeans had if they want to success, â€Å"In a Europe, or instead in a universe therefore constituted, a policy of backdown or abstinence is merely the high route to decadence! † [ 5 ] ( On French Colonial Expansion ) . This sort of procedure did non better the relationships but merely hindered the advancement of the dealingss between Europe and the universe. Besides from the information of â€Å"Chadwick ‘s Report on Sanitary Conditions† , â€Å"That the one-year loss of life from crud and bad airing are greater than the loss from decease or lesions in any wars in which the state has been engaged in modern times† [ 6 ] Shows the bad wellness conditions in Europe during that clip. These may be caused by the excessively many settlements and will besides convey this disease to those who are indigens that ne'er run into such diseases. It is difficult to state it is pos itive or negative, but it does do bad consequence on indigens. The industrialisation besides causes jobs for Europe. No 1 can deny the importance of industrialisation, because without it all of our modern machines can be a gag, but Karl Marx besides show the injury that industrialisation cause to the lower degree people. In his article â€Å"Manifesto of the Communist Party† , he pointed out that with the higher development of the industrialisation, it non merely makes mass production more easy but besides increase the spread between the rich and the hapless. In his article he said â€Å"From the minute when labour can no longer be converted into capital, money, or rent, into a societal power capable of being monopolized, i.e. , from the minute when single belongings can no longer be transformed into bourgeois belongings, into capital, from that minute, you say, individuality vanishes† [ 7 ] which shows the struggle between the labours and the upper degree. His sentiment about revolution can besides be regard as possible crisis of the Europe. So half positive and half negative is what the history’s rating about industrialisation. But there is some positive advancement that Europe did throughout the 19Thursdayand 20Thursdaycentury is in footings of women’s rights. At the pervious age adult females were treated with about zero regard before the Revolution started. Womans do non hold the same rights as adult male, they merely see as accoutrement of work forces. But sometimes they were besides â€Å"used† like work forces, or even requested higher than adult male like work longer than adult male with fewer pay. Women and kids were seen making the â€Å"same sort of belowground work, and to work for the same figure of hours, as male childs and men† [ 8 ] ( Women Miners ) . The adult females dress like work forces, work as work forces but still can non win their regard. The Revolution did alter the manner that adult females were used to handle a batch because after the revolution adult females had their freedom and rights, which is pretty easy but was ne'er heard before the 1800’s. This is decidedly a positive advancement Europeans have made. The advancement of the European industrialisation, imperialism and their relationship with the universe in decision can be regard as negative. Europeans destroyed civilisations for doing their civilization and benefits. Use other’s labour for their ain selfishness. When they find a manner that suits them best, they did non waver to handle others like African below the belt. The Africans were enslaved like they are non human at all. In add-on, the civil war that was caused by Gallic Revolution besides affected France’s relationship with other European states by impacting each other’s issues such as trade ( Lecture ) [ 9 ] . Positive advancement was made by Europeans by successfully bettering their finicky conditions and giving suited rights to the adult females, but even for these positive advancements, they are still made for their ain state and society non for other settlements. So wholly in all, the selfishness dominates the Europeans and makes their advancemen t connected with the universe at 1800-1914 negative